Hypothetically???
I dunno... stare at the sky I guess... but if this really happened... I would look for any leaks or cracks in the cylinder walls... and if you shut the engine down close to when it happened, I doubt if there was any other bearing damage or anything else for that matter.
Thoroughly clean the block by using thinner and drain the oil too.
I would replace the t-stat also as even if it was theoretically good, it was probably kinda "stressed". I assume you'll be replacing the head... insuring the block surface is true, and using a good OE or aftermarket head gasket. Do ensure the torque sequence is followed also.
AFAIK... I've not heard of anyone suffering any other damage from such a failure. Usually, finding the cause of the overheating and replacing the head gasket fixes the problem.
Good luck... keep us posted.